mail -s ‘Subject’ yourmail@test.com

Script

#!/bin/bash
# Subject
SUBJECT="EMAIL-SUBJECT"
# To
TOEMAIL="tomail@test.com"
# Message
EMAILMESSAGE="/home/user/message.txt"
echo "This is email text" >>$EMAILMESSAGE
# Sending email using /bin/mail
/bin/mail -s "$SUBJECT" "$TOEMAIL" < $EMAILMESSAGE

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atktopbm — Convert Andrew Toolkit raster object to portable bitmap

Syntax

atktopbm [atkfile]

Description

atktopbm reads an Andrew Toolkit raster object as input and produces a portable bitmap as output.

See also

pbmtoatk, pbm

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asciitopgm — Convert ASCII graphics into a portable graymap

Syntax

asciitopgm [-d divisor] height width [asciifile]

Description

Reads ASCII data as input. Produces a portable graymap with pixel values that are an approximation of the brightness of the ASCII characters, assuming black-on-white printing. In other words, a capital M is very dark, a period is very light, and a space is white. Input lines that are fewer than width characters are automatically padded with spaces.

The divisor argument is a floating-point number by which the output pixels are divided; the default value is 1.0. This can be used to adjust the brightness of the graymap; for example, if the image is too dim, reduce the divisor.

In keeping with (I believe) FORTRAN line-printer conventions, input lines beginning with a + (plus) character are assumed to overstrike the previous line, allowing a larger range of gray values.

This tool contradicts the message in the pbmtoascii manual: “Note that there is no asciitopbm tool—this transformation is one-way.”

See also

pbmtoascii, pgm

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GNU as — The portable GNU assembler

Syntax

as [ –a | –al | -as ][–D ][–f ][–I path ][–K ][–L ][–o objfile ][–R ][–v ][–w ][––\|\
files ...]

i960-only options:

[ –ACA| –ACA A | –ACB | –ACC| –AKA| –AKB | –AKC| –AMC][–b ][–no-relax ]

m680x0-only options:

[ –l ][–mc68000| –mc68010| –mc68020]

Description

GNU as is really a family of assemblers. If you use (or have used) the GNU assembler on one architecture, you should find a fairly similar environment when you use it on another architecture. Each version has much in common with the others, including object file formats, most assembler directives (often called pseudo-ops) and assembler syntax.
For information on the syntax and pseudo-ops used by GNU as, see as entry in info (or the manual Using as: The GNU Assembler).
as is primarily intended to assemble the output of the GNU C compiler gcc for use by the linker ld. Nevertheless, we’ve tried to make as assemble correctly everything that the native assembler would. This doesn’t mean as always uses the same syntax as another assembler for the same architecture; for example, we know of several incompatible versions of 680×0 assembly language syntax.
Each time you run as, it assembles exactly one source program. The source program is made up of one or more files. (The standard input is also a file.)
If as is given no filenames, it attempts to read one input file from the as standard input, which is normally your terminal. You may have to type Ctrl-D to tell as there is no more program to assemble. Use –– if you need to explicitly name the standard input file in your command line.
as may write warnings and error messages to the standard error file (usually your terminal). This should not happen when as is run automatically by a compiler. Warnings report an assumption made so that as could keep assembling a flawed program; errors report a grave problem that stops the assembly.

Options

–a|–al|–as: Turn on assembly listings; –al, listing only, –as, symbols only, -a, everything.
–D: This option is accepted only for script compatibility with calls to other assemblers; it has no effect on as.
–f: “Fast”–skip preprocessing (assume source is compiler output).
–I\path: Add path to the search list for .include directives.
–K: Issue warnings when difference tables altered for long displacements.
–L: Keep (in symbol table) local symbols, starting with L.
–o\objfile: Name the object-file output from as.
–R: Fold data section into text section.
–v: Announce as version.
–W: Suppress warning messages.
––\|\files… Source files to assemble, or standard input (––).
–Avar: (When configured for Intel 960.) Specify which variant of the 960 architecture is the target.
–b: (When configured for Intel 960.) Add code to collect statistics about branches taken.
–no-relax: (When configured for Intel 960.) Do not alter compare-and-branch instructions for long displacements; error if necessary.
–l: (When configured for Motorola 68000.) Shorten references to undefined symbols to one word instead of two.
–mc68000|–mc68010|–mc68020: (When configured for Motorola 68000.) Specify which processor in the 68000 family is the target (default 68020).

Options may be in any order, and may be before, after, or between filenames. The order of filenames is significant.
The double hyphens command (—) by itself names the standard input file explicitly, as one of the files for as to assemble.
Except for ––, any command line argument that begins with a hyphen (–) is an option. Each option changes the behavior of as. No option changes the way another option works. An option is a hyphen followed by one or more letters; the case of the letter is important. All options are optional.
The –o option expects exactly one filename to follow. The filename may either immediately follow the option’s letter (compatible with older assemblers) or it may be the next command argument (GNU standard).
These two command lines are equivalent:

as –o my–object–file.o mumble.s
as –omy–object–file.o mumble.s

See also

as entry in info

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Thanks to its Webkit backend, it feels fast and passes the Acid3 test v/ith flying colours. What’s more, a new SQLite backend for the address bar has made that part of the interface much quicker too. We think it’s sad that many users will never notice these improvements, as most distributions will replace Web with Firefox in their default selections. The most striking changes are in its appearance, however, and it locks great. Every unnecessary part of the interface has been removed. No more status bar. no more menu bar. It’s very Chrome-esque, and is perfect for a wet browser.

Title bars be gone

When you first launch Web, it defaults to full-screen and. as in Unity, the title bar is removed to give you the most screen space possible. It feels a bit strange at first, but on our test laptop, we quickly got used to it.

Many of these interface developments have been integrated into the other new applications introduced since Gnome 3.2, including Documents and Contacts. One change that’s less visible is the introduction of document search to the Overview In the past, searching for documents in the Overview has included only recent documents, but now it uses Tracker to do a full search. This feels like a natural extension, and we can’t believe it wasn’t included in the first Gnome 3 releases.

More new applications

On top of the applications already introduced in Gnome 3.2, there’s another new application in 3.4. It’s called Boxes, and it’s designed to provide a nice interface for desktop users to access alternative machines from their current system. That is to say, it combines a virtual machine manager (used with KVM) with a remote desktop viewer.

Virtualbox is great, but constant fiddling with kernel modules can be a pain; on the other hand, until Boxes came along, if you wanted to use KVM you had to use the command line or the virt-manager application.

Don’t expect many advanced features, but you will find a quick and easy way to test the latest releases of your favorite distributions. With all of these new and updated applications, some of Gnome’s older programmes are looking long in the tooth. We’d love to see Rhythmbox, Brasero and Evolution get new-look interfaces, too; until they do. Gnome 3 won’t feel like the complete, integrated environment its developers want it to be.

One question long-time Gnome users may ask is if some of the more annoying ‘features’ of Gnome 3 have been removed. They haven’t. Users still have to hold down the Alt key to shut down (something our production editor, a new Linux user, found ridiculous). Alt+Tab still cycles through applications, not windows, and clicking a launcher in the Dash still doesn’t launch a new instance of an application, but gives focus to the already running one After three stable releases, if you’re still hoping the developers will switch these default settings, it’s lime you gave up. But these annoyances are not the problems they used to be, thanks to the increasing size and maturity of Gnome’s extension collection. Extensions exist to modify all of these strange behaviors, and are installable through your web browser. This release continues to bring out Gnome 3′s potential. We just hope that in the coming releases, the pace of new introductions will slow and some of the desktop’s older elements will get a bit more attention.

Videos

Links

• http://www.gnome.org/news/2012/03/gnome-3-4-released/

Source: LXF158

No related posts.

# arp -a

in your router.

After that edit ethers file

$ vi /etc/ethers

and add ip and MAC address list like:

192.168.2.1	00:00:00:00:00:00
192.168.2.2	00:00:00:00:00:00
192.168.2.3	00:00:00:00:00:00
192.168.2.4	00:00:00:00:00:00
192.168.2.5	AB:CD:AB:CD:AB:CD

Use 00:00:00:00:00:00 for that IP addresses which should not have access to internet.
Next step is to delete the current configuration of ARP entries:

$ arp -ad

And finally load the configuration file:

$ arp -f /etc/ethers

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arch — Print architecture

Syntax

arch

Description

arch displays machine architecture type.

See also

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ar — Create, modify, and extract from archives

Syntax

ar [ - ] dmpqrtx[abcilosuvV] [ membername ] archive files ...

Description

The GNU ar program creates, modifies, and extracts from archives. An archive is a single file holding a collection of other files in a structure that makes it possible to retrieve the original individual files (called members of the archive).

The original files’ contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner, and group are preserved in the archive, and may be reconstituted on extraction.

GNU ar can maintain archives whose members have names of any length; however, depending on how ar is configured on your system, a limit on member-name length may be imposed (for compatibility with archive formats maintained with other tools). If it exists, the limit is often 15 characters (typical of formats related to a.out) or 16 characters (typical of formats related to coff).

ar is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort are most often used as libraries holding commonly needed subroutines.

ar will create an index to the symbols defined in relocatable object modules in the archive when you specify the modifier s. Once created, this index is updated in the archive whenever ar makes a change to its contents (save for the q update operation). An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library, and allows routines in the library to call each
other without regard to their placement in the archive.

You may use nm –s or nm —print–armap to list this index table. If an archive lacks the table, another form of ar called ranlib can be used to add just the table.

ar insists on at least two arguments to execute: one keyletter specifying the operation (optionally accompanied by other keyletters specifying modifiers ), and the archive name to act on.

Most operations can also accept further files arguments, specifying particular files to operate on.

Options

GNU ar allows you to mix the operation code p and modifier flags mod in any order, within the first command-lineargument.

If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a dash.

The p keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be any of the following, but you must specify only one of them:

d – Delete modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules to be deleted as files ; the archive is untouched if you specify no files to delete.
If you specify the v modifier, ar will list each module as it is deleted.

m – Use this operation to move members in an archive.
The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how programs are linked using the library if a symbol is defined in more than one member.
If no modifiers are used with m, any members you name in the files arguments are moved to the end of the archive; you can use the a, b, or i modifiers to move them to a specified place instead.

p – Print the specified members of the archive to the standard output file. If the v modifier is specified, show the membername before copying its contents to standard output.
If you specify no files, all the files in the archive are printed.

q – Quick append; add files to the end of archive without checking for replacement.
The modifiers a, b, and i do not affect this operation; new members are always placed at the end of the archive.
The modifier v makes ar list each file as it is appended.
Since the point of this operation is speed, the archive’s symbol table index is not updated, even if it already existed; you can use ar s or ranlib explicitly to update the symbol table index.
r – Insert files into archive (with replacement). This operation differs from q in that any previously existing members are deleted if their names match those being added.
If one of the files named in files doesn’t exist, ar displays an error message and leaves undisturbed any existing members of the archive matching that name.
By default, new members are added at the end of the file, but you may use one of the modifiers a, b, and i to request placement relative to some existing member.
The modifier v used with this operation elicits a line of output for each file inserted, along with one of the letters a or r to indicate whether the file was appended (no old member deleted) or replaced.

t – Display a table listing the contents of archive, or those of the files listed in files that are present in the archive. Normally, only the membername is shown; if you also want to see the modes (permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and size, you can request that by also specifying the v modifier.
If you do not specify any files, all files in the archive are listed.
If there is more than one file with the same name (say, fie) in an archive (say, b.a), ar t b.a fie will
list only the first instance; to see them all, you must ask for a complete listing—in our example, ar t b.a.

x – Extract members (named files) from the archive. You can use the v modifier with this operation to request that ar list each name as it extracts it.
If you do not specify any files, all files in the archive are extracted.

A number of modifiers (mod) may immediately follow the p keyletter, to specify variations on an operation’s behavior, as
follows:

a – Add new files after an existing member of the archive. If you use the modifier a, the name of an existing archive member must be present as the membername argument, before the archive specification.

b – Add new files before an existing member of the archive. If you use the modifier b, the name of an existing archive member must be present as the membername argument, before the archive specification (same as i).

c – Create the archive. The specified archive is always created if it didn’t exist when you request an update. But a warning is issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it by using this modifier.

i – Insert new files before an existing member of the archive. If you use the modifier i, the name of an existing archive member must be present as the membername argument, before the archive specification. (same as b).

l – This modifier is accepted but not used.

o – Preserve the original dates of members when extracting them. If you do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the archive will be stamped with the time of extraction.

s – Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing one, even if no other change is made to the archive. You may use this modifier flag either with any operation, or alone. Running ar s on an archive is equivalent to running ranlib on it.

u – Normally, ar r… inserts all files listed into the archive. If you would like to insert only those of the files you list that are newer than existing members of the same names, use this modifier. The u modifier is allowed only for the operation r (replace). In particular, the combination qu is not allowed, since checking the timestamps would lose any speed advantage from the operation q.

v – This modifier requests the verbose version of an operation. Many operations display additional information, such as filenames processed, when the modifier v is appended.

V – This modifier shows the version number of ar.

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appres — List X application resource database

Syntax

appres [[class [instance]] [–1] [toolkitoptions]

Description

The appres program prints the resources seen by an application (or subhierarchy of an application) with the specified class and instance names. It can be used to determine which resources a particular program will load. For example,

% appres XTerm

will list the resources that any xterm program will load. If no application class is specified, the class -AppResTest- is used. To match a particular instance name, specify an instance name explicitly after the class name, or use the normal Xt toolkit option. For example,

% appres XTerm myxterm

or

% appres XTerm –name myxterm

To list resources that match a subhierarchy of an application, specify hierarchical class and instance names. The number of class and instance components must be equal, and the instance name should not be specified with a toolkit option. For example,

% appres Xman.TopLevelShell.Form xman.topBox.form

will list the resources of widgets of xman topBox hierarchy. To list just the resources matching a specific level in the hierarchy, use the –1 option. For example,

% appres XTerm.VT100 xterm.vt100 –1

will list the resources matching the xterm vt100 widget.

See also

X, xrdb, listres

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anytopnm — Attempt to convert an unknown type of image file to a portable anymap

Syntax

anytopnm file

Description

anytopnm uses the file program, possibly augmented by the magic numbers file included with PBMPLUS, to try to figure out what type of image file it is. If that fails (very few image formats have magic numbers), looks at the filename extension. If that fails, punt.

The type of the output file depends on the input file.

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